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The Czech Republic is developing professional, highly mobile forces, with up-to-date arms, weapons, capable to take part in wide scope of Alliance or other multinational operations, even abroad, outside European territory. But this capacity depends on defence budget, on the percentage from our GDP allocated for military. From the part of the ACR, it will depend on effective spending, usefulness of used resources.

Contemporary military psychology tries to augment psychic resistance to various forms of stress arising during carrying out the tasks of military profession. Generally speaking, there is both quantitative aspect to labour (military profession), i.e. amount, effort and time, and a qualitative one, i.e. intelligence and skill. The availability of particular types of labour can influence the location of their activities. From the point of military professionals, the soldier is exposed to three factors: sensorial, mental and emotional loads. Modern military psychology defines basis schemes and methods for psychological preparation of servicemen, it uses psychological experiments that lately enable to predict behaviour of military personnel and serve as a guideline to realize manpower's potential in the most effective ways. Proper preparedness and training help to prolong high soldiers' deployment even in high demanding surroundings.

Soldiers are trained for combat situations. But peace missions are not tied with the fight. In some measure, they remind more civil police actions: patrolling, duties at sentry points. But still they are activities done by servicemen; those who retire are called "military veterans". Peacekeepers are exposed to high level of stress situations. People who experience a high level of stress for a long time may become irritable, socially withdrawn, and emotionally unstable. Some people under intense and prolonged stress may start to suffer from extreme anxiety, depression, or other severe emotional problems. All psychological research can be divided into two groups: first dealing with actual stress symptoms, the second one dealing with inner structure of individual stress. Discussed model was formed according the pattern of American airborne units deployed in the Sinai Peninsula. Dimensions of psychological stress in peacekeeping operations are formed above all by "boredom", the real threats are in fact at the end of risk scale. More stress reactions come after the mission ends. Such drafted model can be used also in the Army of the Czech Republic, or in international missions of the Police Force of the Czech Republic ...244

This work deals with the selection of candidates for Czech armed forces, with particular emphasis on their aptitude for professional military service in the ACR. Their age is also one of the distinct features influencing the result of selection procedures. The goal of this work is to assess the results of psychological tests of selected group of candidates (aged between 20-29 years and over 40) and their relation to age. This work entails theoretical as well as a practical concept in the form of quantitative survey. The theoretical part acquaints with the basic theoretical facts and specifications pertaining to military service. There is a detailed description of the selection process of suitability of the candidates for military service, especially psychological compatibility, differentiation of the stages of maturity and characterization of the maturity level in each. The practical part serves to introduce the observational survey. It analyses results of the psychological tests and presents the ascertained correlation between age and selected psychological variables.

The Active Reserve is part of the Reserves of the ACR and is formed according to provisions of the Czech Code of Law No. 585/2004, 220/1999 and regulations enumerated in this article. In 2005 the term "active reserve" was legally established. The numbers of soldiers was stabilized, in 2007, between 1087 to 1092 soldiers. Manning is the most successful in armour company (main battle tanks), where the numbers are met nearly by 100 per cent. The same is true about Recce Comp or MP units. There are differences among individual regions (Regional Military Commands) and military occupations: some units have zero increase in numbers. The author recommends concentrating more on younger age groups. Older age-groups should be used for more specialized activities, occupations, and proposes to analyze behaviour of those soldiers who finished active or reserve services, in case they would be call up under a state of emergency, as it might be very helpful for further development of the Active Reserve.

Officially, we barred authorities from discriminating against people because of their race or gender. Women's rights guarantee that women will not face discrimination on the basis of their sex. The Armed Forces have opened up traditionally male roles to female recruits, but it became apparent that many women did not possess the strength necessary for their work. In military practice, some problems have arisen: especially during hard military drill and training. Injuries among female army personnel are increasing; they are several times higher than among male personnel. In author's opinion, this 'gender fair' policy has to be changedto a policy respecting gender differences. Even though in some cases physicalfitness both servicemen and servicewomen are identical, the tables of comparison M/F physical capabilities confirms and quantifies the excess risk for women when they undertake the same arduous training as male soldiers, and highlights the conflict between health and safety legislation and equal opportunities legislation.

This essay is an attempt to analyze Czech military missions abroad and tries to explain why soldiers often change their general attitudes towards surrounding world after coming home from the mission. The authoress summarizes her social and psychological experiences she gained during her engagement in Kosovo. Peacekeeping operations of this pattern are different from warlike ones. Motivation of soldiers is sometimes quite hidden, problems with family background are temporarily postponed. All this is supplemented by tensions in a constricted group, without proper social stimulation. There are several phases of adaptation, covering individual months. The patrolling activities although boring, represent one of many psychosomatics strains, apathetic and jaded soldiers are specially disposed for conflicts. Among others specifics being solved in missions are e.g. mobbing, bossing, or disorderliness.

An Amendment to the Environmental Policy of Czech Defence Department in 2007-2010 by Capt. Ing. David (Col. ret.) This short information is based upon articles widely published in 2005-06 in Western military magazines and newspapers. After September 11, 2001, NATO member states are discussing the deployment of nuclear weapons at non-strategical level. Among others, this is embarrassed by the Russian attitude and general demands of some European NATO nations to update Alliance strategy. What does it mean? There are voices to Řehák, Ph.D., Col. Prof. Ing. Aleš Komár, CSc. This proposal reflects challenges resulting from the professional assessment of departmental environmental policy. It is divided into three parts: (i) command and control; (ii) established practice; (iii) communication and education. The solution doesn't lie in the utilization of refuse, disposal of dangerous waste, passive environmental protection, but in earth-friendly attitude towards environment, active measures for damages prevention even during commanders' decision-making process. The basic principle rests on sustainable growth, backed by harmonization of economical, environmental and social aspects. Proposed environmental policy originates from State Environmental Principles and Czech membership in NATO alliance.

ACR by Ing. Vladislav Vincenec, Col. GSO Ing. Jaroslav Linhart. All military units can hardly do without the POL (which stands for Petroleum, Oil and Lubricants), rations, maintenance support and services, controlled in field conditions by Logistics. The authors depict logistic system in the French Army and compare it with that in the ACR. The Fuel Service of the French Army (SEA-Service des essences des armées) represents independent branch of the French Army. They explain its role, purpose and functions. Several charts and tablets comparing data of French tank trucks accompany the description of the SEA. The authors divide POL services in the ACR in several categories: introducing new POLs (Czech Defence Standard 051625); POL technological equipment, cars, vehicles; and finally stationary installations, built in according to long-term planes. Since 2004, the POL in the Czech Army has been supplied via the civilian Administration of the State Material Reserves, the deliveries of POL are carried out by civilian hauliers as it is more economic. The Czech POL logistics system at the tactical level is organized along French SEA lines.

The first part of the article defines notions of the competence, the power, and the authority. Next part of the article deals with the assertion of the power and authority. Those terms are not the same. Whereas the power is universal, the authority of a commander is performed only within the Army of the Czech Republic (ACR), it does not go beyond. The authority presents the "right" or "duty"; the power is the capacity to implement authority, to fulfil intentions. Business, labour, educational, governmental and military systems depend on a hierarchy to carry out specialized tasks. Therefore the authorities are tied with individual levels of mentioned hierarchies. In the professional forces the formal authority is not enough. Professional warrior is an expert that can't be managed in ways the soldiers used to be, in the former conscript army. It is necessary for the commander to exercise natural authority, based upon knowledge, skills, all-round proficiency. Formal aspects of his authority are only secondary.

Managerial economics is a branch of economy science which constitutes the introduction of economy theories and methods into the practice of management control. The principles of managerial economics can be applied even to non-business and nonprofit organizations. The author introduces recently released "Managerial Economics in the Army of the Czech Republic" (Defence University Brno). Proposed issues of economic control and functionality of system offer both immediate and long-term economical effects

The basic purpose of this article is to introduce mentioned new military publication, recently compiled and prepared by the team of authors from the Czech Tradoc in Vyškov. This code should unify the practice within the ACR. It is not an internal normative rule (military manual), but it has validity of service document, under the authority of the Chief of Czech General Staff. In a way, it is the document of new generation, possessing doctrinal character. Principles explained in this publication are binding, but the ways of their application and usage depend solely on army commanders. The publication integrates, unifies and harmonizes military terminology in use, describe the preparation of units for foreign missions, military exercises and their evaluations (including respective documents), defines methods of planning namely at the level of company (battery), battalion (group), underlines significance of e-learning and so on.